What is Sports Specialization?
Sports specialization has recently been defined as, “year-round intensive training in a single sport at the exclusion of other sports” (AOSSM). Research on the risks of sports specialization suggests that sports specialization does, indeed, lead to higher injury rates, particularly overuse injuries.
One study that investigated over 300 high school athletes from 2 different high schools, one ‘small’, in terms of numbers of students, and one ‘large’, and demonstrated that the small school students were less likely to pursue sports specialization than the large school students.
In both groups, however, the highly specialized athletes were more likely to report both acute injuries and overuse injuries, both in the hip and knee. Another study showed a very clear link between the development of an overuse injury and three different risk factors:
(1) a ‘high’ level of sports specialization
(2) playing their sport for more than 8 months of the year
(3) playing their sport for more hours per week than their age.3 A review paper exploring pediatric overuse injuries describes how specialization may lead to overuse injuries throughout the body.
Why is playing more than one sport important?
Parents may often respond to those recommending diversification of sports participation over specialization by insisting that their children will ‘fall behind’ in their sport if they don’t play year round. Interestingly, not only does research suggest that they are less likely to get injured by taking breaks from their sport—and thus be able to stay ‘in the game’ without long stretches of unexpected missed time—but one study suggested that most players in Division 1 athletics did not pursue early specialization.
Although it seems obvious that practice and training are important for success in sports, many studies have shown that intensive training in sports does not help improve performance as much as many of us think.
In many cases, the intensity of sports training is based more on tradition and culture than on scientific evidence that it is beneficial. There is evidence that early specialization in sports may actually decrease the likelihood that an athlete will make it to an elite level.9 So while exploring and excelling in one or a small number of sports is a common goal amongst young athletes and their families in today’s world, there are some real health risks, and perhaps even some risks to optimal performance, if children specialize their athletic participation too early.
The Benefit of Being a Multi-Sport Athlete
Playing multiple sports and taking breaks from sports has tremendous benefits for the growing body, and should be encouraged by coaches, parents, and healthcare providers alike.
Author
Dr. Catherine Logan, MD, MBA
Catherine Logan, MD, MBA, MSPT, is a sports medicine orthopaedic surgeon specializing in complex knee and shoulder surgery at Colorado Sports Medicine and Orthopaedics (COSMO) in Denver, Colorado. As a former physical therapist & trainer, Dr. Logan provides a distinct expertise in sports injury, prevention, and surgical management.
